Causal Linkage among Agricultural Insurance, Air Pollution, and Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity in United States: Pairwise Granger Causality Approach

Agricultural insurance and green agriculture are strongly related. not only motivates farmers to adopt environmentally friendly production technology enhances the effectiveness of production, but it also accomplishes goal lowering number chemicals that put into environment. This article investigates dynamic relationship between agricultural insurance, air pollution, total factor productivity. To complete aim, authors used panel auto-regressive distributed lags method (PMG method) data from 50 states United States 2005 2019. The empirical findings demonstrate a considerable co-integration cross-sectional reliance production. Expanding may boost whole output exacerbate pollution. However, significant pollution does increase production’s Granger causality test shows one-way causal productivity, A exists author concluded improving coverage or cutting down on will output. These have long-term policy management repercussions, particularly for those involved in environmental management.